<Mountians · Sutra of the Southern Mountains (山经 · 南山经)> Original text:

“南山经之首曰䧿山。其首曰招摇之山，临于西海之上，多桂，多金玉。有草焉，其状如韭而青华，其名曰祝馀，食之不饥。有木焉，其状如榖而黑理，其华四照。其名曰迷榖，佩之不迷。有兽焉，其状如禺而白耳，伏行人走，其名曰狌狌，食之善走。丽麂之水出焉，而西流注于海，其中多育沛，佩之无瘕疾。

　　又东三百里，曰堂庭之山。多棪木，多白猿，多水玉，多黄金。

　　又东三百八十里，曰猨翼之山，其中多怪兽，水多怪鱼。多白玉，多蝮虫，多怪蛇，多怪木，不可以上。

　　又东三百七十里，曰杻阳之山，其阳多赤金，其阴多白金。有兽焉，其状如马而白首，其文如虎而赤尾，其音如谣，其名曰鹿蜀，佩之宜子孙。怪水出焉，而东流注于宪翼之水。其中多玄龟，其状如龟而鸟首虺尾，其名曰旋龟，其音如判木，佩之不聋，可以为底。

　　又东三百里，曰柢山，多水，无草木。有鱼焉，其状如牛，陵居，蛇尾有翼，其羽在魼下，其音如留牛，其名曰鯥，冬死而夏生。食之无肿疾。

　　又东四百里，曰亶爰之山，多水，无草木，不可以上。有兽焉，其状如狸而有髦，其名曰类，自为牝牡，食者不妒。

　　又东三百里，曰基山，其阳多玉，其阴多怪木。有兽焉，其状如羊，九尾四耳，其目在背，其名曰猼訑，佩之不畏。有鸟焉，其状如鸡而三首六目、六足三翼，其名曰[尚鸟] [付鸟]，食之无卧。

　　又东三百里，曰青丘之山，其阳多玉，其阴多青䨼。有兽焉，其状如狐而九尾，其音如婴儿，能食人；食者不蛊。有鸟焉，其状如鸠，其音如呵，名曰灌灌，佩之不惑。英水出焉，南流注于即翼之泽。其中多赤鱬，其状如鱼而人面，其音如鸳鸯，食之不疥。

　　又东三百五十里，曰箕尾之山，其尾踆于东海，多沙石。汸水出焉，而南流注于淯，其中多白玉。

　　凡䧿山之首，自招摇之山，以至箕尾之山，凡十山，二千九百五十里。其神状皆鸟身而龙首。其祠之礼：毛用一璋玉瘗，糈用稌米，一壁，稻米、白菅为席。

　　南次二山之首，曰柜山，西临流黄，北望诸，东望长右。英水出焉，西南流注于赤水，其中多白玉，多丹粟。有兽焉，其状如豚，有距，其音如狗吠，其名曰狸力，见则其县多土功。有鸟焉，其状如鸱而人手，其音如痺，其名曰鴸，其名自号也，见则其县多放士。

　　东南四百五十里，曰长右之山，无草木，多水。有兽焉，其状如禺而四耳，其名长右，其音如吟，见则郡县大水。

　　又东三百四十里，曰尧光之山，其阳多玉，其阴多金。有兽焉，其状如人而彘鬣，穴居而冬蛰，其名曰猾褢，其音如斫木，见则县有大繇。

　　又东三百五十里，曰羽山，其下多水，其上多雨，无草木，多蝮虫。

　　又东三百七十里，曰瞿父之山，无草木，多金玉。

　　又东四百里，曰句汸之山，无草木，多金玉。

　　又东五百里，曰浮玉之山，北望具区，东望诸（囟比）。有兽焉，其状如虎而牛尾，其音如吠犬，其名曰彘，是食人。苕水出于其阴，北流至于具区，其中多鮆鱼。

　　又东五百里，曰成山，四方而三坛，其上多金玉，其下多青雘。（外门内豕）水出焉，而南流注于虖勺，其中多黄金。

　　又东五百里，曰会稽之山，四方，其上多金玉，其下多砆石。勺水出焉，而南流注于湨。

　　又东五百里，曰夷山，无草木，多沙石，湨水出焉，而南流注于列涂。

　　又东五百里，曰仆勾之山，其上多金玉，其下多草木，无鸟兽，无水。

　　又东五百里，曰咸阴之山，无草木，无水。

　　又东四百里，曰洵山。其阳多金，其阴多玉。有兽焉，其状如羊而无口，不可杀也，其名曰䍺。洵水出焉，而南流注于阏之泽，其中多茈蠃。

　　又东四百里，曰虖勺之山。其上多梓枏，其下多荆杞。滂水出焉，而东流注于海。

　　又东五百里，曰区吴之山，无草木，多沙石。鹿水出焉，而南流注于滂水。

　　又东五百里，曰鹿吴之山，上无草木，多金石。泽更之水出焉，而南流注于滂水。水有兽焉，名曰蛊雕，其状如雕而有角，其音如婴儿之音，是食人。

　　又东五百里，曰漆吴之山，无草木，多博石，无玉。处于东海，望丘山，其光载出载入，是惟日次。

　　凡南次二山之首，自柜山至于漆吴之山，凡十七山，七千二百里。其神状皆龙身而鸟首。其祠：毛用一壁瘗，糈用稌。

　　南次三山之首，曰天虞之山。其下多水，不可以上。

　　东五百里，曰祷过之山，其上多金玉，其下多犀兕，多象。有鸟焉，其状如鵁，而白首、三足、人面，其名曰瞿如，其鸣自号也。泿水出焉，而南流注于海。其中有虎蛟，其状鱼身而蛇尾，其音如鸳鸯，食者不肿，可以已痔。

　　又东五百里，曰丹穴之山，其上多金玉。丹水出焉，而南流注于渤海。有鸟焉，其状如鸡，五采而文，名曰凤皇，首文曰德，翼文曰义，背文曰礼，膺文曰仁，腹文曰信。是鸟也，饮食自然，自歌自舞，见则天下安宁。

　　又东五百里，曰发爽之山，无草木，多水，多白猿。汎水出焉，而南流注于勃海。

　　又东四百里，至于旄山之尾，其南有谷，曰育遗，多怪鸟，凯风自是出。

　　又东四百里，至于非山之首，其上多金玉，无水，其下多蝮虫。

　　又东五百里，曰阳夹之山，无草木，多水。

　　又东五百里，曰灌湘之山，上多木，无草。多怪鸟，无兽。

　　又东五百里，曰鸡山，其上多金，其下多丹雘。黑水出焉，而南流注于海。其中有鱄鱼，其状如鲋而彘毛，其音如豚，见则天下大旱。

　　又东四百里，曰令丘之山，无草木，多火。其南有谷焉，曰中谷，条风自是出。有鸟焉，其状如袅，人面四目而有耳，其名曰顒，其鸣自号也，见则天下大旱。

　　又东三百七十里，曰仑者之山，其上多金玉，其下多青雘。有木焉，其状如榖而赤理，其汗如漆，其味如饴，食者不饥，可以释劳，其名曰白䓘，可以血玉。

　　又东五百八十里，曰禺槀之山，多怪兽，多大蛇。

　　又东五百八十里，曰南禺之山，其上多金玉，其下多水。有穴焉，水出辄入，夏乃出，冬则闭。佐水出焉，而东南流注于海，有凤皇、鵷雏。

　　凡南次三山之首，自天虞之山以至南禺之山，凡一十四山，六千五百三十里。其神皆龙身而人面。其祠皆一白狗祈，稰用稌。

　　右南经之山志，大小凡四十山，万六千三百八十里。”

Translation:

The southernmost mountain range is called the Jianshan Mountain Range. The first mountain of this range is Zhaoyao Mountain, located on the west coast. The mountain is home to numerous osmanthus trees and rich deposits of metals and jade. A particular type of grass, resembling chives but with blue flowers, called Zhuyu, grows on this mountain. Consuming this grass prevents hunger. Another notable plant is the Migou tree, which resembles a paper mulberry tree but with black stripes. Its flowers emit a radiant light that illuminates the surroundings. Wearing a piece of this tree can prevent one from getting lost.

A unique beast, called Xingxing, inhabits this mountain. It looks like a monkey but has white ears, can crawl, and walk upright like humans. Eating its meat can make a person walk swiftly. The Liji River originates from this mountain, flowing west into the sea. The river contains many plants called Yupei, which, when worn, can prevent abdominal diseases caused by parasitic worms.

Three hundred li to the east is Tangting Mountain, known for its dense Catalpa trees, white monkeys, and abundant deposits of crystal and gold.

Another three hundred and eighty li east lies Yuanyi Mountain, home to strange beasts and peculiar fish in its waters. The mountain is rich in white jade and infested with venomous insects, odd snakes, and bizarre trees, making it unsafe for humans to traverse.

Traveling three hundred and seventy li east from there is Niuyang Mountain. The southern side is rich in gold, while the northern side has silver deposits. A creature named Lushu, which has a white head, and looks like a horse with tiger-like stripes, a red tail, and a roar resembling human singing, lives here. Wearing its fur can bless one with many offspring. The Guai River starts here, flowing east into the Xianyue River. The Guai River contains dark red turtles with bird-like heads and snake-like tails called Xuankui. Their cry sounds like wood being split. Wearing these turtles can prevent deafness and cure foot calluses.

Three hundred li further east is Dishan Mountain, which has numerous streams but no flowers or trees. A fish called Lu, which looks like a cow with a snake-like tail and wings on its ribs, inhabits these waters. Its call resembles that of a plowing ox. This fish hibernates in winter and revives in summer. Eating its meat can prevent abscesses.

Four hundred li to the east lies Dan’yuan Mountain. This mountain has many streams but no flowers or trees, making it inaccessible. A beast called Lei, which looks like a wildcat with human-like hair, lives here. This creature is hermaphroditic. Eating its meat eliminates jealousy.

Three hundred li further east is Jishan Mountain. The southern side has jade deposits, while the northern side has many peculiar trees. A beast called Poyi, which resembles a sheep with nine tails, four ears, and eyes on its back, resides here. Wearing its fur eliminates fear. Another bird here, called Shangfu, looks like a chicken with three heads, six eyes, six feet, and three wings. Eating its meat prevents drowsiness.

Three hundred li eastward is Qingqiu Mountain. The southern side has jade deposits, and the northern side produces a blue mineral called Qinghuo. A fox-like beast with nine tails and a cry like a baby’s wail, which can devour humans, lives here. Eating its meat can prevent evil spells. Another bird called Guanguan, resembling a turtledove, has a call like people arguing. Wearing its feathers prevents confusion. The Ying River originates from this mountain, flowing south into Jiwing Marsh. This marsh is home to many redfish with human faces called Chiru. Eating their meat prevents scabies.

Three hundred and fifty li east lies Jiwei Mountain, whose tail ends on the East Coast, with many sand and stone deposits. The Fang River originates here, flowing south into the Yu River, and contains much white jade.

In total, the Jianshan Mountain Range extends from Zhaoyao Mountain to Jiwei Mountain, covering ten mountains over 2,950 li. The mountain deities have bird bodies and dragon heads. The sacrificial ceremonies for these deities involve burying livestock and jade discs, using rice for the offerings, and placing the deities on seats made of white reeds.

The second southern mountain range starts with Guishan Mountain. To its west lies the kingdoms of Liuhuangfeng and Liuhuangxin. To the north are many mountains and rivers, and to the east is Changyou Mountain. The Ying River originates from this mountain, flowing southwest into the Red River. The riverbed is rich in white jade and small cinnabar grains. A beast called Lili, resembling a small pig with chicken feet and a dog-like cry, inhabits this mountain. Its presence indicates imminent large-scale construction. Another bird, Zhu, with human-like claws and an eagle’s form, resides here. Its call resembles a reed instrument, signaling the exile of scholars where it appears.

Four hundred and fifty li southeast is Changyou Mountain, which lacks flowers and trees but has many streams. A beast called Changyou, which looks like a monkey with four ears, lives here. Its cry resembles human moaning, and its presence predicts severe floods.

Three hundred and forty li east lies Yaoguang Mountain, with jade in the south and gold in the north. A beast called Huahai, resembling a human with pig-like bristles, hibernates in winter and emerges in summer. Its call resembles wood being chopped, and its presence indicates heavy labor.

Three hundred and fifty li eastward is Yushan Mountain, frequently rainy with many streams, lacking flowers and trees but infested with venomous insects.
Three hundred and seventy li east is Qufu Mountain, lacking vegetation but rich in minerals and jade.

Four hundred li further east is Juanyu Mountain, similar to Qufu in its lack of vegetation but richness in minerals and jade.

Five hundred li eastward is Fuyu Mountain, offering views of Jüqu Marsh to the north and Zhushui to the east. A beast called Zhi, resembling a tiger with a cow’s tail and a dog’s cry, inhabits this mountain. The Tiao River originates from its northern slopes, flowing north into Jüqu Marsh, home to many Ci fish.

Another five hundred li east is Chengshan Mountain, with a square shape and three-tiered terraces, rich in minerals and jade, with blue mineral deposits at its base.

<Seas · Sutra of the Great Northern Wilderness (海经 · 大荒北经)> Original text:

“东北海之外，大荒之中，河水之间，附禺之山，帝颛顼与九嫔葬焉。爰有【丘鸟】久、文贝、离俞、鸾鸟、皇鸟、大物、小物。有青鸟、琅鸟、玄鸟、黄鸟、虎、豹、熊、罴、黄蛇、视肉、?瑰、瑶碧，皆出卫于山。丘方员三百里，丘南帝俊竹林在焉，大可为舟。竹南有赤泽水，名曰封渊。有三桑无枝。丘西有沈渊，颛顼所浴。

有胡不与之国，烈姓，黍食。

大荒之中，有山名曰不咸，有肃慎氏之国。蜚蛭，四翼。有虫，兽身蛇身，名曰琴虫。

有人名曰大人。有大人之国，厘姓，黍食。有大青蛇，黄头，食麈。

有榆山。有鲧攻程州之山。

大荒之中，有山名曰衡天。有先民之山。有盘木千里。

有叔歜国，颛顼之子，黍食，使四鸟：虎、豹、熊、罴。有黑虫如熊状，名曰猎猎。

有北齐之国，姜姓，使虎、豹、熊、罴。

大荒之中，有山名曰先槛大逢之山，河济所入，海北注焉。其西有山，名曰禹所积石。

有阳山者。有顺山者，顺水出焉。有始州之国，有丹山。

有大泽方千里，群鸟所解。

有毛民之国，依姓，食黍，使四鸟。禹生均国，均国生役采，役采生修【革台】，修【革台】杀绰人。帝念之，潜为之国，是此毛民。

有儋耳之国，任姓禺号子，食谷。北海之渚中，有神，人面鸟身，珥两青蛇，践两赤蛇，名曰禺强。

大荒之中，有山名曰北极天柜，海水北注焉。有神，九首人面鸟身，名曰九凤。又有神衔蛇衔操蛇，其状虎首人身，四蹄长肘，名曰强良。

大荒之中，有山名曰成都,载天。有人,珥两黄蛇，把两黄蛇，名曰夸父。后土生信，信生夸父。夸父不量力，欲追日景，逮之于禺谷。将饮河而不足也，将走大泽，未至，死于此。应龙已杀蚩尤，又杀夸父，乃去南方处之，故南方多雨。

又有无肠国，是任姓。无继子，食鱼。

共工臣名曰相繇，九首蛇身，自环，食于九土。其所歍所尼，即为源泽，不辛乃苦，百兽莫能处。禹湮洪水，杀相繇，其血腥臭，不可生谷；其地多水，不可居也。禹湮之，三仞三沮，乃以为池，群帝因是以为台。在昆仑之北。

有岳之山。寻竹生焉。

大荒之中，有名山曰不句，海水入焉。

有系昆之山者，有共工之台，射者不敢北射。有人衣青衣，名曰黄帝女魃。蚩尤作兵伐黄帝，黄帝乃令应龙攻之冀州之野。应龙畜水。蚩尤请风伯雨师，纵大风雨。黄帝乃下天女曰魃，雨止，遂杀蚩尤。魃不得复上，所居不雨。叔均言之帝，后置之赤水之北。叔均乃为田祖。魃时亡之，所欲逐之者，令曰：“神北行！”先除水道，决通沟渎。

有人方食鱼，名曰深目民之国，盼姓，食鱼。

有钟山者。有女子衣青衣，名曰赤水女子献。

大荒之中。有山名曰融父山，顺水入焉。有人名曰犬戎。黄帝生苗龙，苗龙，苗龙生融吾，融吾生弄明，弄明生白犬，白犬有牝牡，是为犬戎，肉食。有赤兽，马状无首，名曰戎宣王尸。

有山名曰齐州之山、君山、【上两先下鬲】山、鲜野山、鱼山。

有人一目，当面中生。一曰是威姓，少昊之子，食黍。

有继无民，继无民任姓，无骨子，食气、鱼。

西北海外，流沙之东，有国曰中【车扁】，颛顼之子。

有国名曰赖丘。有犬戎国。有神，人面兽身，名曰犬戎。

西北海外，黑水之北，有人有翼，名曰苗民。颛顼生驩头，驩头生苗民，苗民厘姓，食肉。有山名曰章山。

大荒之中，有衡石山、九阴山、洞野之山，上有赤树，青叶赤华，名曰若木。

有牛黎之国。有人无骨，儋耳之子。

西北海之外，赤水之北，有章尾山。有神，人面蛇身而赤，直目正乘，其瞑乃晦，其视乃明，不食不寝不息，风雨是谒。是烛九阴，是烛龙。”

Translation:

Beyond the northeastern sea, in the most desolate region, on the banks of the Yellow River, lies the Fuyu Mountain, where Emperor Zhuanxu and his nine consorts are buried. This mountain is home to various creatures and treasures, including hawks, spotted shells, Lizhu (a mythical bird), Luanniao (another mythical bird), Phoenix, and various burial artifacts. Additionally, it is inhabited by green birds, Lang birds, blackbirds, yellow birds, tigers, leopards, bears, wild boars, yellow snakes, Shiru (a mythical creature), Xuanpei (a type of jade), beautiful jade, and cyan jade. All these are found on Weiqiu.

Weiqiu spans three hundred li in circumference. To the south of the hill lies Emperor Jun’s bamboo forest, where the bamboo is so thick that a single stalk can be used to make a small boat. South of the bamboo forest is a pool of water, red in color, called Fengyuan. Beside Fengyuan are three leafless mulberry trees. To the west of the hill lies Shen Yuan, where Emperor Zhuanxu used to bathe.

There is a country called Hubuyu, where all the people have the surname Lie and they eat millet.

In the most desolate region, there is a mountain called Buxian. There is a country called Sushen. There is a creature called Feizhi, which has four wings. There is a worm with a beast’s head and a snake’s body, called Qinchong.

There is a person called Daren. There is a country called Daren, where all people have the surname Li and they eat millet. There is a giant green snake with a yellow head that feeds on mice.

There is a mountain called Yushan. There is also a mountain called Gun Gongchengzhou Mountain.

In the most desolate region, there is a mountain called Hengtian. There is a mountain called Xianmin Mountain. There is a twisted tree that spans a thousand li.

There is a country called Shuzhu. The people of this country are descendants of Zhuanxu, they eat millet and can control four types of wild beasts: tigers, leopards, bears, and wild boars. There is a black beast that resembles a bear, called Lielie.

There is a country called Beiqi. The people of this country all have the surname Jiang, and they can control four types of wild beasts: tigers, leopards, bears, and wild boars.

In the most desolate region, there is a mountain called Xianjian Dafeng Mountain, where the Yellow River and Ji River flow into, and seawater from the north also flows into this mountain. To the west of Dafeng Mountain, there is a mountain called Yusuo Jishi Mountain.

There is a mountain called Yangshan. There is a mountain called Shunshan, from which the Shun River originates. There is a country called Shizhou, where there is a mountain called Danshan.

There is a large marsh spanning a thousand li, where birds shed their feathers.

There is a country called Maomin, where the people all have the surname Yi, they eat millet and can control four types of wild beasts. Yu gave birth to Jun Country, Jun Country gave birth to Yicai, Yicai gave birth to Xiutuo, and Xiutuo killed the Chuo people. The Heavenly Emperor pitied the Chuo people and secretly helped their descendants establish a country, which is the Maomin Country.

There is a country called Danei, where the people all have the surname Ren, they are descendants of Yuhao, and they eat grains. On an island in the North Sea lives a god with a human face and a bird’s body, wearing two green snakes as earrings and stepping on two red snakes, named Yuqiang.

In the most desolate region, there is a mountain called Beiji Tiangui, where seawater flows into from the north. In the mountain lives a god with nine heads and a bird’s body, named Jiufeng. There is another god who holds a snake in his mouth and hands, with a tiger’s head and a human body, named Qiangliang.

In the most desolate region, there is a mountain called Chengdu Zaitian. There is a person who wears two yellow snakes as earrings and holds two yellow snakes in his hands, named Kuafu. Houtu gave birth to Xin, and Xin gave birth to Kuafu. Kuafu, overestimating himself, tried to chase the sun and finally caught up with it in Yugu. Kuafu died of thirst while drinking the Yellow River’s water, which was not enough, and he headed to the northern great marsh to drink more water but died of thirst before reaching it. It is also said that Yinglong killed Chiyou and then Kuafu, fleeing to the south, causing abundant rain in the south.

There is a country called Wuchang, where people have the surname Ren, descendants of Wujie, and they eat fish.

The water god Gonggong had a minister named Xiangyao, who had nine heads and a snake’s body, coiled into a ball, feeding from nine places. His vomit or presence turned the ground into marshland, making the water undrinkable and the place uninhabitable. Yu, controlling the flood, killed Xiangyao. His blood, foul and stinking, rendered the land infertile and uninhabitable. You buried the land, collapsing it three times before turning it into a pond and building several imperial terraces on it, located north of Kunlun Mountain.

There is a mountain called Yue Mountain, with many tall bamboos.

In the most desolate region, there is a mountain called Buju Mountain, into which seawater flows.

There is a mountain called Xikun Mountain, with a Gonggong Terrace. Archers dare not shoot arrows toward the north where the terrace is located. A person wearing green clothes named Huangdi Nüba. Chiyou made weapons to attack Huangdi, who sent Yinglong to fight Chiyou in the Jizhou plain. Yinglong gathered a lot of water, and Chiyou summoned the wind god and rain god, causing a storm. Huangdi called a heavenly maiden named Ba, who stopped the rain upon descending. Huangdi then killed Chiyou. Ba could not return to the heavens, so wherever she stayed, it wouldn’t rain. Shujun reported this to Huangdi, who let Ba live north of the Red River. Shujun was appointed as the official managing field. Ba often went to other places, and people would say, “God, please go north!” and clear water channels to drive her away.

There are people eating fish, they are citizens of the Shenmu Country, all surnamed Ben, and they eat fish.

There is a mountain called Zhongshan. A woman wearing green clothes lives there, named Chishui Nüzi Xian.

In the most desolate region, there is a mountain called Rongfu Mountain, where the Shun River flows. There is a person called Quanrong. Huangdi gave birth to Miaolong, who gave birth to Rongwu, who gave birth to Nongming, who gave birth to Baiquan. Baiquan, being both male and female, gave birth to the Quanrong people, who eat meat. There is a red beast resembling a horse without a head, called Rong Xuanwang Shi.

There are several mountains called Qizhou Mountain, Jun Mountain, Qian Mountain, Xianye Mountain, and Yu Mountain.

There are people with a single eye in the center of their faces, some say they have the surname Wei, descendants of Shaohao, and they eat millet.

There is a group called Jiwumin, all surnamed Ren, descendants of Wugu, who eat air and fish.

Beyond the northwestern sea, east of the Flowing Sands, there is a country called Zhongfu, where residents are descendants of Zhuanxu, eating millet.

There is a country called Laiqiu. There is a Quanrong Country, and a god with a human face and a beast’s body, named Quanrong.

Beyond the northwestern sea, north of the Black Water, there are people with wings on their bodies, called Miaomin. Zhuanxu gave birth to Huan Tou, who gave birth to Miaomin. Miaomin all have the surname Li and eat meat. There is a mountain called Zhangshan.

In the most desolate region, there are Hengshi Mountain, Jiuyin Mountain, and Jiongnye Mountain, with a red tree growing, having green leaves and red flowers, called Ruomu.

There is a Niuli Country. The people in this country have no bones, they are descendants of Daner.

Beyond the northwestern sea, north of the Red River, there is a mountain called Zhangwei Mountain. In the mountain lives a god with a human face and a snake’s body, all red, with vertical eyes. When he closes his eyes, it becomes night; when he opens them, it becomes day. He neither eats, sleeps, nor breathes, but swallows wind and rain. He can illuminate dark places and is called Zhulong.